Recommended Readings, Enslaving Virginia

Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.

Brown, Kathleen M. Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Curtin, Philip D., ed. Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.

Dunn, Richard S. “Black Society in the Chesapeake, 1776–1810.” In Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution. Edited by Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, pp. 49–82. Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1983.

Earl, Riggins Renal. Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, and Community in the Slave Mind. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003.

Ferguson, Leland. Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650–1800. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992.

Fesler, Garrett R.  “Interim Report of Excavations at Utopia Quarter (44JC32):  An 18th-Century Slave Complex at Kingsmill on the James in James City County, Virginia.” Williamsburg, Va.: James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., 1996.

Frey, Sylvia R. Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Frey, Sylvia R., and Betty Wood. Come Shouting to Zion: African-American Protestantism in the American South and British Caribbean to 1830. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Gomez, Michael A. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Gundersen, Joan Rezner. “The Double Bonds of Race and Sex: Black and White Women in a Colonial Virginia Parish.” Journal of Southern History, LII (1986), pp. 351–372.

Hoffman, Ronald. Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland: A Carroll Saga, 1500-1782. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. 

Holton, Woody. Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Hughes, Sarah S. “Slaves for Hire: The Allocation of Black Labor in Elizabeth City County, Virginia, 1782 to 1810.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., XXXV (1978), pp. 260–286.

Isaac, Rhys. Landon Carter’s Uneasy Kingdom: Revolution and Rebellion on a Virginia Plantation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Jordan, Winthrop D. White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

Katz-Hyman, Martha B. “‘In the Middle of this Poverty Some Cups and a Teapot’: The Furnishing of Slave Quarters at Colonial Williamsburg.” In The American Home: Material Culture, Domestic Space, and Family Life. Edited by Eleanor McD. Thompson. Wintherthur, Del.: Henry Francis du Pont Wintherthur Museum, 1998.

Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Kulikoff, Allen. “A ‘Prolifick’ People: Black Population Growth in the Chesapeake Colonies, 1700–1790.” Southern Studies,  XVI (1977), pp. 391–428.

Kulikoff, Allen. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

Lee, Jean Butenhoff. “The Problem of Slave Community in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., XLIII (1986), pp. 333–361.

Matthews, Christy, Julie Richter, and Lorena Walsh. “Enslaving Virginia.” In Cary Carson, ed. Becoming Americans: Our Struggle To Be Both Free and Equal. Williamsburg, Va.: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2004.

McColley, Robert. Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1964.

Menard, Russell R. “From Servants to Slaves: The Transformation of the Chesapeake Labor System.” Southern Studies, XVI (1977), pp. 355–390.

Menard, Russell R. “The Maryland Slave Population, 1658 to 1730: A Demographic Profile of Blacks in Four Counties.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd. Ser., XXXII (1975), pp. 29–54.

Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W.W. Norton, 1975.

Morgan, Jennifer L. Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Parent, Anthony S. Foul Means: The Formation of a Slave Society in Virginia, 1660-1740. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: “The Invisible Institution” in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Schwarz, Philip J. Slave Laws In Virginia. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1996.

Schwarz, Philip J. Twice Condemned: Slaves and the Criminal Laws of Virginia, 1705–1865. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1988.

Shammas, Carole. “Black Women’s Work and the Evolution of Plantation Society in Virginia.” Labor History, XXVI (1985), pp. 5–28.

Singleton, Theresa A. “The Archaeology of Slave Life.” In Before Freedom Came: African-American Life in the Antebellum South. Edited by Edward D. C. Campbell, Jr., with Kym Rice. Published for the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Va. Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1991.

Sobel, Mechal. The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.

Stanton, Luicia. Free Some Day: The African-American Families of Monticello. [Charlottesville, Va.]: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2000.

Stevenson, Brenda E. Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Tate, Thad W. The Negro in Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg. Williamsburg, Va.: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1965.

Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Vaughan, Alden T. “The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century Virginia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, XCVII (1989), pp. 311–354.

Walsh, Lorena S. From Calabar to Carter’s Grove: The History of a Virginia Slave Community. Charlottesville, Va.” University Press of Virginia, 1997.

Walsh, Lorena S. “Slave Life, Slave Society, and Tobacco Production in the Tidewater Chesapeake.” In Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas. Edited by Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan, pp. 170–199. Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1993.

Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God: George Washington His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.

Yentsch, Anne Elizabeth. A Chesapeake Family and Their Slaves: A Study in Historical Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Yentsch, Anne Elizabeth. “The Face of Urban Slavery.” Chap. 9 in A Chesapeake Family and Their Slaves: A Study in Historical Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.